Omega-3 Impact On Your Retina

Retinal Development  in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants Fed Diets Differing in Omega-3 Fatty Acids

file:///C:/Users/jbendell/Google%20Drive/AAAJunior/Research/Retina/2365.pdf

By David G. Birch, Eileen E. Birch, Dennis R. Hoffman, and Ricardo D. Uauy

To study the impact of fatty acids on the development of retinas, 81 infants were selected.  These 81 babies were on average about 5 weeks premature and once born werre selected to consume either natural breast milk or one of 3 formulas.  Formula A contained linoleic acid, but not many omega-3s.  Formula B contained linoleic acid, but no omega-3s.  Lastly, formula C, contained linoleic acid and omega-3s from marine oil.  These babies then went through full-field electroretinograms testing  about 30 weeks after being born.  These full-field ectroretinograms basically tested the functioning of the babies retinas.  The tests proved that omega-3s had a impact on the retinal development in babies.  For example, the Formula A babies tested significantly slower than the natural breast milk babies when tested for oscillatory movement. Oscillatory movement is basically the speed in which the eye is able to move.  Also though, no major difference were seen between all the babies in their cone b-waves and important part of retina health.

Borderline Personality Disorder Omega-3s

Article: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment of Women With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Marcy C. Zanarini, Ed.D., and Frances R. Frankenburg, M.D.
Link: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.167

This article described an experiment in which 30 females went through an 8-week, placebo controlled study of E-EPA for borderline personality disorder. 20 of the subjects recieved 1 g of E-EPA (while the others got placebo) and the E-EPA was superior to placebo in diminishing the agression and severity of the patients' depressive symptoms. Borderline personality disorder affects a person's mood and impulisive aggression, and most medications are only targeted towards some of the symptoms of the disorder so they do not work properly. However, omega-3 fatty acids are now recognized for their mental health benefits. EPA and DHA have important functions in the CNS because DHA is a major structural component of neuronal membranes and EPA has physiological functions that can affect neuronal activity. Biomedichal studies have shown that many patients with poor mental health had reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes. Overall the results of this trial suggest that EPA is a nutriceutical agent that could be beneficial to the treatment of women with borderline personality disorder. The women reported no clinically relevant side effects and these results were consistent with the findings of reports of omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for bipolar disorder.

Research Topics: Molecular Basis

Retina development: Jack
Brain synapses: Kevin & Anthony
Recovery time post-workout: Lauren
Heart attack remodeling - Ellen
ADHD attentiveness - Nick
Oxygen transfer & capillary beds - Charlie
Mental disorder: borderline personality disorders - Taylor
Mental disorder: borderline personality disorders - Tessa
Cognitive function: Reading comprehension - Bajaj

Assignment:
Using Google Scholar, find journal articles relevant to your topic. The article should be in depth and detailed. It should be an article that you have to read, re-read, and re-read again to fully comprehend. The topic must be dealt with at a molecular level, specifically explaining the role or effect of fatty acids.

Post on the blog, the usual logistics and the connection (at a molecular level) with omega-3s and your topic. Be specific.This summary should be at least 8-10 sentences.

This is due October 3.

Textbook Presentation Slide: Lipids & Membranes

With each student taking a section of the lipid & membrane chapter, they created three slides and presented information within their section. This file is the result of their collaborative efforts.

Heart Attack Recovery

Title: Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Fish Oil, may aid healing after heart attack

Link: http://newsroom.heart.org/news/omega-3-fatty-acids-from-fish-oil-may-aid-healing-after-heart-attack

Author: Bobak Heydari

Summary: (8-10 sent)
The American Heart Association journal, Circulation, has reported that taking high doses of omega three fatty acids every day for 6 months after a heart attack will improve heart function and reduce scarring in the muscle that is undamaged.

Heart Attack Remodeling is what happens after a heart attack when the heart's shape and function is altered. It can possibly lead to heart failure. It was already known that omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil could improve survival for patients, but in the Omega-Remodel randomized clinical trial, it was discovered that the structure and condition of the tissue of the heart could also be improved post-heart attack.

The study involved 360 heart attack survivors. They all started the dosage of omega-3 or placebo within a month of the heart attack. In the trial, one group of patients took a placebo while another took 4 grams of omega-3 fatty acids every day for 6 months. Overall, they had a 5.8% reduction in the left ventricular end-systolic volume index (a marker used to predict the outcome of a patient after a heart attack) and a 5.6% reduction in measurement of scarred connective tissue, or fibrosis, formation in non-damaged heart muscle. Simply put, Omega-3 fatty acids allow the heart to contract better and reduces fibrosis. There was also a marked reduce in biomarkers for inflammation, which would mean that omega-3's are anti-inflammatory.



Connection: (4-6 sent) We already knew that omega-3's are good for heart, brain, and muscle health. In Anthony's first article, he talked a little bit about reduced fibrosis after heart attacks, and this article delves a little deeper into that. We know that fatty acids are an important part of cell membranes This is most likely is a vital part of maintaining flexibility in non-damaged parts of the heart tissue.

Omega-3, The New Superhero!

Title: 10 Reasons Every Lifter, Runner And Athlete Needs Omega-3S

Author: K. Aleisha Fetters

Link: http://www.mensfitness.com/nutrition/supplements/10-reasons-every-lifter-runner-and-athlete-needs-omega-3s-0

Summary: Overall, Omega-3 can also increase your recovery speed, increase your muscle growth over night, increase your reaction time, reduce muscle soreness, reduce injuries, and possibly achieve PR's faster than your normal pace (better sports performance). Specifically, muscles tear in your body and the Omega-3 specializes in repairing these tears, therefore, allowing a quicker recovery. After excercising, your body transforms the consumed protein into proteins for your muscles. That process is called protein synthesis; which is increased with Omega-3. Injuries are also prevented by decreasing the tissue degrading in your body therefore boosting the blood and oxygen flowing into your muscles. Not only does do these fatty acids boost your athletic performance, but they also maintain keeping the important organs in your body healthy. The human body cannot produce Omega-3's so we must rely on our diet. There are three types of Omega-3 fatty acids: EPA, DHA, and ALA. EPA and DHA are the chemically long chained fatty acids that you find from fish. ALA are short chained fatty acids that you find in avocados and nuts. While all these benefits may seem too god to be true, our body can only burn through DHA, so the other two fatty acids must be converted into DHA before use. This process in our body is inefficient because the conversion only yields less than 2% of how much the body started to react with.

Connection Summary: This article touched basis in the introduction to how there is already scientifically proven heart benefits from taking Omega-3. Many of us have also done some researches on how these fatty acids increase muscle strength and prevent injuries to multiple parts of the body. My first article specifically talked about how Omega-3 directly benefits the heart and its muscles. There seems to be a strong tie between the fatty acids and muscles in our body. And many other articles specifically focused on the DHA fatty acid because this demonstrates the most healing power out of all the other Omega-3 fatty acids.

Don't Be Sad, Eat Fish

Link: http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/omega-3s

Author: Mental Health America

Title: Omega-3s

Summary: Not only can omega-3s help your heart, they can help your mind as well. A diet high in omega-3s (as long as a healthy omega-3 to omega-6 ratio is maintained) can help alleviate the symptoms of various medical mental ailments. Of eight major sources who investigated the connection between omega-3s and depression, all eight sources concluded that there was "promising evidence for omega-3s in the treatment of depression". Five of those studies even recommended omega-3 supplementation for depression. The previously mentioned five sources also stated that omega-3s can help stabilize one's mood. This mood stabilization that results from consumption of omega-3s can be used to help with short-term symptoms of bipolar disorder. In addition to bipolar disorder and depression, scientists are also researching the potential benefits of omega-3s in helping to cure various other mental diseases such as dementia, schizophrenia, and dyslexia. The best way to get these health improving omega-3s is by eating non-predatory fish for about 2 meals a week. Many vegetarians and vegans have trouble getting a healthy amount of omega-3s in their diet, and their only chance to get the healthy dosage of omega-3s is through supplementary capsules. However you get your omega-3s, it is clear that you should make sure to get a healthy amount.

Connection: Already we have seen through the articles that everyone has provided that omega-3s can help improve your physical health, but now we see your mental health can be improved as well. From strengthening your eyesight to helping stop depression, it seems that there is nothing omega-3s can't do. Charlie had already mention that omega-3s can help with healing concussions, and now we see that omega-3s can affect the brain on a chemical level as well. These fascinating health benefits make me wonder why it isn't more of a priority to get people to consume more omega-3s and maintain a healthy omega-3 to omega-6 ratio.

Athletes Fatty Acid Article 2

Fish Oil Benefits for Athletes: Omega-3 and Sport

By: Ascenta Health

https://www.ascentahealth.com/omega-3-and-you/the-science/omega-3-sport-fish-oil-beneficial-athletes/

This article discusses several aspects of athletes' consumption of fatty acids and begins by explaining the various diets that people have tried throughout the years. People tend to take far more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids, which is not necessary and can actually promote inflammation. Omega-3's improve performance, reduce muscle damage and soreness, improve heart and lung function, and combat negative immune effects of intensive training. Fish oil improves protein metabolism and increases protein synthesis. Fatty acids also benefit athletes because they have proven to increase muscle strength and performance. Fish oil also reduces muscle damage to such an extent that it could replace non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and aspirin. Fatty acids help modify blood antioxidant status after exercise to protect against exercise damage. Omega-3's also strengthen bones because research has shown that higher red blood cell omega-3 levels may increase bone mineral density.

Omega-3's improve heart function by improving the heart's ability to pump blood and deliver oxygen to muscles which indicates that fish oils may benefit the heart and lung functioning in athletes with exercise-induced airway constriction.

My other article about athletes' consumption of fish oils talked about many of these things but not at such depth. The other article emphasized the ways to consume fish oils but this article explains why all of the benefits of omega-3's occur. Both videos discussed the fact that Americans consume far more omega-6s than necessary and this article explained that this can actually cause inflammation. Both articles talked about the improved muscle function due to fatty acid consumption but this article discussed that increased protein synthesis causes this to occur. This article related to a lot of what we have already invested but it explained the reasoning behind these benefits more clearly. 

Eat the Oily Fish, Kids!

Link: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3773781/Children-eat-plenty-oily-fish-better-readers-peers-experts-say.html

Author: Izzy Ferris

Title: Children Who Eat Plenty of Oily Fish May Be Better Readers Than Their Peers, Experts Say

Research has recently shown that children's reading abilities significantly increase after the consumption of Omega-3. It has also been determined that the best fishes to eat are the oily ones such as salmon, tuna, herring, mackerel, and sardines.

A study discovered that children who took a Omega-3 and Omega-6 supplement, Equazen, over a three month period, showed significant improvement in their reading ability compared to children who took a placebo. Reading comprehension ability, pronologic decoding time, and visual analysis time significantly increased. For children taking the supplement, there was a 64% increase in reading comprehension after three months. The children were able to decode words 10% more quickly, and they showed twenty times the improvement over the placebo group for visual analysis.

Children are recommended to eat fish twice a week, and one of those servings should be oily fish. However, a British statistic showed that nine out of ten British children were not meeting the dietary recommendation. Nutritionists urge parents to make sure that fish be a large part of their children's diet. Even if the children do not like fish, supplements would be a good alternative.

This article connects to the major idea we have been researching -- does omega-3 improve brain function? Omega-3 has been linked to multiple studies showing increased brain health. Some include the increase of hippocampal brain volume as we age. Others show that DHA can help the brain recover from damage, such as a stroke or concussion. DHA has also been linked to helping improve attention deficits in children. Scientists have already determined that omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients for our body since we cannot produce them ourselves, and the benefits seem quite significant over a wide range of studies.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and ADHD

Link: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amy-r-beaudreault/adhd-and-diet_b_8085084.html

Author: Amy R. Beaudreault,  PhD

Title: ADHD and Diet: The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Summary: ADHD is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Approximately 11% of children from four to seventeen are diagnosed with ADHD, which is a total of 6.4 million children in the U.S. These diagnoses are continuing to rise, which is alarming due to the effects that ADHD can bring to a child. There are four methods to mediate the symptoms of ADHD. Medication, behavioral intervention strategies, parent training, and school accommodations all help to mediate the symptoms. However, omega-3 fatty acids seem to reducing ADHD symptoms. Omega-3 fatty acids are fats that the body cannot produce, and can only be obtained through food. These fatty acids exists in the form of ALA, EPA, and DHA. EPA and DHA are found in oily fish, while ALA is found in flax seeds, nuts, and vegetables. These fatty acids are shown to improve cognitive function in children with ADHD. Despite conflicting results from studies, many of these studies showed minor beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for ADHD. While the intake of omega-3 fatty acids is not a cure for ADHD, and should not replace standard medication, it should be considered to improve the symptoms of inattention, and for its overall health benefits.

This is connected to what we have already discovered because it talks of the potential of omega-3 fatty acids in mediating ADHD symptoms. ADHD is a disorder that occurs in the brain, and the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids seem to mediate the symptoms due to its property of improving cognitive ability. Other articles that review the connection between omega-3 fatty acids and ADHD verify that there is some connection to increased attentiveness in children with ADHD and the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids. In general, it seems as if the consumption of ALA, EPA, and DHA all help with ADHD symptoms, but should be taken for its other benefits as well.

DHA and ARA For The Babies!

http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/092208p66.shtml

The Role of DHA and ARA in Infant Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

By Ana Abad-Jorge

DHA, a 22 carbon fatty acid, and ARA, a 20 carbon fatty acid, are key to the development of brains in newborns.  During the last trimester to age two a babies brain develops rapidly, and the amount of DHA the baby intakes plays a major role in brain health.  DHA is naturally found in breast milk because of its important role in the babies body.  Higher levels of DHA that occur from either natural breast milk or supplemented formula increases the amount of DHA in red blood cells.  Studies have shown this additional DHA in beneficial for eye health because of the impact on the brain.  When babies were put through tests for evaluate their cognitive ability the ones with higher levels of DHA and ARA in their brains performed higher.  Because of the multiple health benefits to babies of having DHA and ARA in their system, the intake of mothers should be regulated.  Increasing the intake of foods like salmon, that are high in the fatty acids, will  benefit their babies health. 

As we have seen again and again, the health of people is very dependent on fatty acids.  Fatty acids play a key role in many different systems of the body especially with brain health.  Many of my colleagues have found research showing the impact of fatty acids, more specifically omega-3s, on brain health at all stages of life.  Including the impact the DHA in Omega-3s has on preventing dementia.  So as it can be seen, fatty acids can help with brain health from before you are born and to your death.  

Omega-3 increases athletic performance! Take it and KTA!

Link:http://www.zonediet.com/blog/omega-3-fatty-acids-and-athletic-performance/
Title: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletic Performance
Author: Dr. Barry Sears

Summary:
        There are several reasons why omega-3 is good for athletic performance. First, the increase of Omega-3 fatty acid can help the production of ATP through converting itself into ATP and accelerating oxygen-carrying cells through the capillary. Then way Omega-3 fatty acid increase the transferring speed is elevating the deformability of the cells and increase the vasodilation of capillary bed. Second, the Omega-3 fatty acid helps resolute inflammation caused by muscle damage during the intense exercise and increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis, which decreases the recovery time. Third, the fatty acid can activate gene transcription factor which ensures the best metabolic flexibility with less amount of energy; this plays a big role in endurance racing. Fourth, as integral components of nerve fibers at the synapse, Omega-3 fatty acids help increase reaction time in complex situation drastically. Fith, Omega-3 fatty acid helps controlling mood by changing brain-wave patterns to ones with more calmness. These benefits are good for athletes at a higher volume of intake.
Connections:
        This is related to my article before as they are both talking about sports. My first article summary focus more on the post-brain injury while this one is about how the Omega-3 fatty acid benefit athletes before the games. It mentions the fact that fatty acid provides a greater amount of ATP than glucose; we talked about this in the lecture about the catabolism reaction cycle and how it produces a large amount of energy repeatedly. As we can see from this passage, the benefits of Omega-3 is not limited to brain but body as a whole just as what some of our presentations and videos stated. We need to investigate more on the mechanisms that trigger these effects on human body.

Your BABIES brain and eyes need fatty acids!!!

http://www.omega3forchildren.co.uk/articles/article_details.aspx?id=236

Title: Children and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Author: Dr. Morten Bryhn

Summary:
The most important fatty acids for the brain and retina are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and an arachindonic acid (ARA). For pregnant mothers need to supply the baby with lots of fatty acids for brain and retina development. DHA is important for the retina of the eye because the fatty acid is a structural component of the tissue responsible for the conversion of light energy into electrical impulses. Babies that were given a formula with DHA showed better visual activity than those who did not have the DHA formula. With ADHD omega-3 shows promising benefits to help symptoms. A studies in Europe have shown that kids given a treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly omega-3 fatty acid or placebo for a period of 12 weeks. The kids that had the active treatment compared to placebo scored higher. The only question is, is that if the results were due to just one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids used in the studies, or whether the kids should take a combination of the fatty acids. In a US study on ADHD children, only one of the marine omega-3 fatty acids, DHA was used alone. No clinical benefits could be recorded in this study. This indicates that EPA, also used in the PUFA combination in the British studies, was responsible for the positive outcome. So EPA may be the important component reducing ADHD symptoms.

This connects with things we have already studied with the connection of the omega-3 fatty acids. DHA and EPA are often seen in articles and studies that help the brain, anywhere from ADHD to brain recovery from a stroke. Also, we have seen that babies should have a sufficient amount of DHAs in order for them to have the maximum brain development. For the eyes, we have seen that fatty acids help maintain the health of the retina in many studies. This article provides more evidence that these fatty acids are good for brain and eye development.

Omega-3 Slows Cognitive Decline

Link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Parris_Kidd2/publication/5775265_Kidd_P_M_Omega-3_DHA_and_EPA_for_cognition_behavior_and_mood_clinical_findings_and_structural-functional_synergies_with_cell_membrane_phospholipids_Altern_Med_Rev_12_207-227/links/56fa1af508ae38d710a307e3.pdf

Author: Parris M. Kidd, PhD

Title: Omega-3 DHA and EPA for Cognition, Behavior, and Mood: Clinical Findings and Structural Functional Synergies with Cell Membrane Phospholipids


Summary: Cognitive decline is a common phenomenon for middle to older populations. In many cases, it can lead to issues such as increased vulnerability to dementia. Thus, experts recommend that when diagnosed, measures are taken to slow the process. Now, increasing amounts of evidence show that increased consumption of DHA and EPA omega-3 fatty acids may help accomplish this. Such are the findings an epidemiology team lead by head researcher Kalmijn. In their experiment, 1,613 subjects (age 45-70), were tested for cerebral problems. Then, Kalmijn and the group gave each subject a survey about their dietary habits. The results clearly showed the benefits of Omega-3 consumption: the individuals who performed in the bottom 10% of cognitive function also showed the lowest intake of DHA and EPA Omega-3 fatty acids. Not only this, but the amount of cognitive function a subject showed was closely correlated with the relative amount of Omega-3's that subject consumed in their diet.

Link: This article is similar to my last one in that they both describe the incredible cerebral benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids. It is a rare case where it they are necessary biological molecules, yet our body can produce little/none of the amount we need. Both of the articles focus on the brain, and how eating more Omega-3's is not only just a "good diet", but it is practically essential for good, continued cerebral function. Both articles also explain how we are just now finding out the multitude of specific cerebral functions which are improved by a diet high in Omega-3's.

Textbook Assignment: Fatty Acid Chapter

page 522-524 Nick
page 525-527 Ellen
page 528-530 Taylor
page 530-532 Jack
page 533-535 Charlie
page 536-539 Bajaj
page 540-541 Tessa
page 542-544 Kevin
page 545-548 Anthony
page 548-550 Lauren

Check your email for a link to a shared Google Slides file. As a class, you are creating a presentation for the chapter over lipids & membranes. Directions are on slide 2 of the file. Please follow posted directions.

Presentations will begin on (I hope) Wednesday. Your speaking part should be approximately 5 minutes, not including any video support you include.

[In case the link above doesn't work, here's the actual link: http://tinyurl.com/hb5zpp6]

Basic Overview of Fatty Acid Oxidation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acA5iF1zrDI

Overview of Fatty Acid Oxidation

By: Khan Academy Medicine

This is a video that briefly explains how much energy fatty acids produce from fat in food. ATP is the energy that fatty acids produce in the body. About 95% of the chemical energy we can extract comes from carbon hydrogen chains that are referred to as fatty acid chains. The other 5% comes from glycerol. We extract ATP from fatty acid chains by oxidation. We extract  the electrons and transfer them to an electron carrier, this produces nadh and fadh2 which are able to use ATP in electron transport chains. This is essentially the reverse of fatty acid synthesis. As we break down the hydrogens and carbons we are oxidizing them to release energy. Breaking up the large fatty acids make acetyl co a. Acetyl co a then enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria which produces energy as well as making more electron carrier molecules nadh and fadh2 which is more energy. Fatty acids produce more energy compared to glycerol.

Brain AND Braun!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvDH5uGJnCY

Review: Health Benefits of Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)

By: Lifestyle Medicine (Dr. John Kiel)

This video discusses the many benefits of consuming omega-3s. Most of these benefits are for cardiovascular health, although fatty acids also decrease inflammation and increase brain health. Dr. Kiel also explains that despite the controversy of pregnant women consuming fish oils, it is safe for them to consume 1-2 servings of fish if they avoid fish that are more concentrated in mercury (like shark) and consume fish like shrimp. This video is very informative and encourages everyone to take one gram of fish oils a day with food to avoid the only con of fish consumption- "fish burps".

Fatty acids skins you down

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acA5iF1zrDI
Title: Overview of Fatty Acid Oxidation
Creator: Khanacademymedicine
Short Summary: This video explains how humans obtain ATP from fatty acids such as triglyceride & Palmitic acid. The majority of ATP is coming from fatty acid chains. This process overall is referred to as metabolism. Glucose is being oxidized from these fatty acid chains and then carried over by the electron carrier known as NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. The goal is to break up the hydrogen and carbons in fatty acids to smaller sub-units which allows these smaller molecules to enter the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria and begin process.

Breaking Down Fat, Building Up Energy

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBeU8zk_Fio

Video Title: Fatty Acid Metabolism (Part 1 of 8) - Introduction

YouTuber: Moof University

Summary: 

      This video gives a foundational explanation of how fatty acids are converted into usable energy for the human body. It begins by explaining the basics of fatty acids, how they are stored as triglycerides and how they are used for energy storage based on their ability to hold more energy than carbohydrates or protein. Then it goes to to explain how the potential energy in fats are largely due it its highly reduced nature, and that this potential energy can be used to make ATP by breaking them down into NADH (which is used in the electron transport chain.) Finally, it gives a brief explanation on how these triglycerides and phospholipids can be broken down into free fatty acids through enzymes and hydrolysis.

Stop Eating So Much Processed Food!

Title: Why Omega-3 essential for your Health

Creator: Omax3Omega3

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2b46yLkYOO4

Fatty acids are important to maintain a healthy body, but they are not created by the body. Omega-6 helps promote inflammation in the membrane, while omega-3 counteracts the inflammation caused by omega-6. A balance of omega-3 and omega-6 may benefit the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, brain health, and eye health. Processed foods are rich in omega-6, but lack omega-3. Too much omega-6 leads to increased inflammation. To fix this issue a change in diet is necessary. However, some people use supplements. However, supplements can be worse because of impurities and low concentrations of omega-3.

BASIC information about ACIDS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBeU8zk_Fio

Fatty Acid Metabolism
Creator: Moof University


Fatty Acids are a component of fats.  They are used to store energy and are particurily good at this because of how reduced they are meaning they carry many electrons.  Fatty Acids store energy more efficiently than carbs.  Lipases and phospholips free fatty acids from triglycerols.

Kids with ADHD are crazy to get their hands on some omega 3s

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0EI5_EF8qQ&feature=youtu.be

Title: Alternatives for ADHD- Video 3

Creator: Kenny Handelman

Summary: Food preservatives and additives may increase symptoms of ADHD, so cutting out those things as well as gluten, refined sugars, and milk has had an impact on some people. There was a study in Sweden done where people were eating only four pure and wholesome foods, including omega three acids, and they had improved brain function.

There is more and more research being done that shows omega three fatty acids are quite helpful for ADHD, mood disorders, and potential physical issues. This is because omega three fatty acids cross the blood-brain barrier and help to support nerve cells communicating to one another. Brains are 60% fat, and we need to have the right balance of omega-3s to omega-6s in order to make proper connections. Most western diets have too many omega-6s, which is thought to be a stress on people who have learning/mood disorders or ADHD. If we can supplement omega-3 fatty acids, then we can hopefully improve brain functioning. Side effects of this would be low to none.

Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated Fats

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTr5caPi7tU

Title: Different Kinds of Fatty Acids: Saturated vs. Unsaturated (Trans + Cis)

Creator: Med School Made Easy

Summary: The type of carbon bond determines whether a fat is saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fats contain single bonds and will try to fit as closely as possible, while unsaturated fats have double bonds, and will not fit as closely together. The atoms of a saturated bond are spaced equally at 90° while the atoms of an unsaturated fat while be spaced at 120°, here we can see why saturated fats are able to stuff themselves closely, while unsaturated fats are unable to. There are two types of unsaturated fats, trans-fats and cis-fats. Trans-fats are linear, and group up easier in cells, while cis-fats have a bend, causing them to not group up as easy. This is important because the fats will be inside the lipid bi-layer of cells. Cis-fats are healthiest for cells as they take up the least space, while trans-fats and saturated fats are the worst for cells, as they are able to take up more space in the cell's lipid bi-layer.

Efficient Energy Storage

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBeU8zk_Fio

Title: Fatty Acid Metabolism (Part 1 of 8) - Introduction

Creator: Moof University

Summary: Fatty acids are primarily used for energy storage, and they are particularly efficient at this because they are highly reduced molecules. Highly reduced molecules have a lot of electrons, which means lots of potential energy that can be utilized to make ATP, a critical energy source for humans. Fatty acids can store almost twice as many kilocalories per gram as carbohydrates can, making them a preferable energy source. Additionally, an 18 carbon fatty acid can net 120 ATP, while a 18 carbon carbohydrate could only net 96 ATP at maximum. Simply put, fatty acids are an extremely efficient way to store energy. Triacylglycerol and phosphpolipids are two different storage systems of fatty acids that were mentioned in the video, both with different structures.

how Omega-3 fixs cells

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClP1ndrZWEI
Title: Omega 3 Fatty Acid
YouTuber: ProgradeNutrition



Summary:
Human's health is decided by the number of healthy cells to the unhealthy ones. Omega-3 fatty acids, like EPA and DHA, help fix the membrane and improve the fluidity of the membrane. Krill oil is better than fish oil because it is in the form of phospholipid. Also, xanthine astaxanthin, the antioxidant in krill, embeds itself on the membrane to protect the cell machinery from damage of the reactive oxygen.